Research Methods for the Behavioural Sciences guides students through the research process from beginning to end, using an accessible step-by-step approach. With an emphasis on the decisions researchers must make along the way, it provides tips and strategies for all elements of the research process to ensure relevance and validity. In this first adaptation of the textbook for Europe, South Africa and the Middle East, all the core elements which have contributed to its success are complemented by recent and relevant developments in the field pertinent to these regions, helping students to fully relate to the content.

lgrsnf/sanet.st-Research_Methods_For_The_Behavioural_Sciences.pdf

lgli/sanet.st-Research_Methods_For_The_Behavioural_Sciences.pdf

nexusstc/Research Methods For The Behavioural Sciences/ac02c6c04d5fbbfd8503da791eb65b92.pdf

3I eBook: Research Methods For The Behavioral Sciences 1E

Rakow, Tim, Gravetter, Frederick, Forzano, Lori-Ann

Adobe Acrobat 8.0 Combine Files

Cengage Learning; GRAVETTER

Gravetter/Forzano/Rakow

Frederick J Gravetter

1st EMEA Edition, Andover, Hampshire, 2021

United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom

EMEA Edition, Boston, 2021

US, 2021

producers:
Adobe PDF Library 10.0.1

{"isbns":["1473774039","9781473774032"],"last_page":569,"publisher":"Cengage Learning EMEA"}

Cover 1
Brief Contents 5
Contents 7
Preface 18
About the Authors 22
Chapter 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge and the Scientific Method 25
Chapter Learning Objectives 25
Chapter Overview 25
1.1 Methods of Knowing and Acquiring Knowledge 26
1.2 The Scientific Method 33
1.3 The Research Process 42
Chapter Summary 49
Key Words 49
Exercises 50
Learning Check Answers 50
Chapter 2: Research Ideas and Hypotheses 51
Chapter Learning Objectives 51
Chapter Overview 52
2.1 Getting Started: Identifying a Topic Area 53
2.2 Searching the Existing Research Literature in a Topic Area 55
2.3 Finding an Idea for a Research Study from a Published Research Article 64
2.4 Using a Research Idea to Form a Hypothesis and Create a Research Study 68
Chapter Summary 72
Key Words 72
Exercises 73
Learning Check Answers 73
Chapter 3: Defining and Measuring Variables 74
Chapter Learning Objectives 74
Chapter Overview 75
3.1 Constructs and Operational Definitions 75
3.2 Validity and Reliability of Measurement 79
3.3 Scales of Measurement 88
3.4 Modalities of Measurement 92
3.5 Other Aspects of Measurement 95
Chapter Summary 102
Key Words 103
Exercises 103
Learning Check Answers 104
Chapter 4: Ethics in Research 105
Chapter Learning Objectives 105
Chapter Overview 106
4.1 Introduction 106
4.2 Ethical Issues and Human Participants in Research 108
4.3 Ethical Issues and Non-Human Subjects in Research 124
4.4 Ethical Issues and Scientific Integrity 124
Chapter Summary 131
Key Words 131
Exercises 131
Learning Check Answers 132
Chapter 5: Selecting Research Participants 133
Chapter Learning Objectives 133
Chapter Overview 134
5.1 Introduction to Sampling 134
5.2 Probability Sampling Methods 140
5.3 Non-Probability Sampling Methods 146
Chapter Summary 149
Key Words 150
Exercises 150
Learning Check Answers 151
Chapter 6: Research Strategies and Validity 152
Chapter Learning Objectives 152
Chapter Overview 153
6.1 Research Strategies 154
6.2 External and Internal Validity 164
6.3 Threats to External Validity 168
6.4 Threats to Internal Validity 172
6.5 More about Internal and External Validity 177
Chapter Summary 180
Key Words 180
Exercises 181
Learning Check Answers 182
Chapter 7: The Experimental Research Strategy 183
Chapter Learning Objectives 183
Chapter Overview 184
7.1 Cause-and-Effect Relationships 184
7.2 Distinguishing Elements of an Experiment 190
7.3 Controlling Extraneous Variables 197
7.4 Control Conditions and Manipulation Checks 201
7.5 Increasing External Validity: Simulation and Field Studies 206
Chapter Summary 210
Key Words 210
Exercises 211
Learning Check Answers 211
Chapter 8: Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design 212
Chapter Learning Objectives 212
Chapter Overview 213
8.1 Introduction to Between-Subjects Experiments 213
8.2 Individual Differences as Confounding Variables 218
8.3 Limiting Confounding by Individual Differences 220
8.4 Individual Differences and Variability 224
8.5 Other Threats to Internal Validity of Between-Subjects Experimental Designs 229
8.6 Applications and Statistical Analyses of Between-Subjects Designs 232
Chapter Summary 237
Key Words 237
Exercises 237
Learning Check Answers 238
Chapter 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design 239
Chapter Learning Objectives 239
Chapter Overview 240
9.1 Within-Subjects Experiments and Internal Validity 240
9.2 Dealing with Time-Related Threats and Order Effects 248
9.3 Comparing Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects Designs 255
9.4 Applications and Statistical Analysis of Within-Subjects Designs 262
Chapter Summary 264
Key Words 265
Exercises 265
Learning Check Answers 266
Chapter 10: The Non-Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Non-Equivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs 267
Chapter Learning Objectives 267
Chapter Overview 268
10.1 Non-Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Strategies 269
10.2 Between-Subjects Non-Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs: Non-Equivalent Group Designs 272
10.3 Within-Subjects Non-Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs: Pre-Post Designs 280
10.4 Developmental Research Designs 286
10.5 Applications, Statistical Analysis and Terminology for Non-Experimental, Quasi-Experimental and Developmental Designs 292
Chapter Summary 294
Key Words 295
Exercises 295
Learning Check Answers 296
Chapter 11: Factorial Designs 297
Chapter Learning Objectives 297
Chapter Overview 298
11.1 Introduction to Factorial Designs 298
11.2 Main Effects and Interactions 301
11.3 Types of Factorial Designs and Analysis 310
11.4 Applications of Factorial Designs 318
Chapter Summary 326
Key Words 327
Exercises 327
Learning Check Answers 328
Chapter 12: The Correlational Research Strategy 329
Chapter Learning Objectives 329
Chapter Overview 330
12.1 An Introduction to Correlational Research 330
12.2 The Data and Statistical Analysis for Correlational Studies 332
12.3 Applications of the Correlational Strategy 339
12.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Correlational Research Strategy 342
Chapter Summary 346
Key Words 346
Exercises 346
Learning Check Answers 347
Chapter 13: Modes and Methods of Measurement 348
Chapter Learning Objectives 348
Chapter Overview 349
13.1 Behavioural Tasks 349
13.2 Observational Methods 351
13.3 Surveys and Other Self-Report Methods 359
Chapter Summary 374
Key Words 374
Exercises 374
Learning Check Answers 375
Chapter 14: Case Study and Single-Case Experimental Research Designs 376
Chapter Learning Objectives 376
Chapter Overview 377
14.1 The Case Study Design 377
14.2 Introduction to Single-Case Experimental Research Designs 383
14.3 Phases and Phase Changes 388
14.4 Reversal Designs: ABAB and Variations 396
14.5 General Strengths and Weaknesses of Single-Case Designs 400
Chapter Summary 403
Key Words 403
Exercises 404
Learning Check Answers 404
Chapter 15: Statistical Evaluation of Data 405
Chapter Learning Objectives 405
Chapter Overview 406
15.1 The Role of Statistics in the Research Process 406
15.2 Descriptive Statistics 409
15.3 Inferential Statistics 422
15.4 Finding the Right Statistics for Your Data 438
15.5 Special Statistics for Research 447
Chapter Summary 452
Key Words 452
Exercises 453
Learning Check Answers 454
Chapter 16: Writing an APA-Style Research Report 455
Chapter Learning Objectives 455
Chapter Overview 456
16.1 The Goal of a Research Report 456
16.2 General APA Guidelines for Writing Style and Format 457
16.3 The Elements of an APA-Style Research Report 462
16.4 Writing a Research Proposal 479
Chapter Summary 481
Key Words 481
Exercises 482
Learning Check Answers 482
Appendices 483
Appendix A: Statistics Demonstrations and Statistical Tables 483
Appendix B: Sample APA-Style Research Report Manuscript for Publication 510
Glossary 519
References 540
Name Index 553
Subject Index 556
WCN:,02-300
WCN: 02-300

2022-11-01