John Duns Scotus (1265/6-1308) was (along with Aquinas and Ockham) one of the three principal figures in medieval philosophy and theology, with an influence on modern thought arguably greater than that of Aquinas. The essays in this volume systematically survey the full range of Scotus's thought. They clearly explain the technical details of his writing and demonstrate the relevance of his work to contemporary philosophical debate.

lgrsnf/Cambridge Companion to Duns Sco - Williams, Thomas.pdf

lgli/Cambridge Companion to Duns Sco - Williams, Thomas.pdf

nexusstc/The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus (Cambridge Companions to Philosophy)/94ccddf327338249a8f29b05c6c67847.pdf

Thomas Williams, Thomas Williams

Cambridge companions to philosophy, Cambridge, U.K. ; New York, 2003

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2003

Cambridge Collections Online, Cambridge, UK, 2003

United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom

producers:
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Half-title 3
Series-title 5
Title 7
Copyright 8
CONTENTS 9
CONTRIBUTORS 11
ABBREVIATIONS AND METHOD OF CITATION 15
WORKS OF SCOTUS 15
OTHER AUTHORS 16
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS 16
DUNS SCOTUS IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION 17
Introduction 19
I. SOCOTUS'S LIFE 19
II. SCOTUS'S WORKS 24
NOTES 31
1 Scotus on Metaphysics 33
I. METAPHYSICS AS THE SCIENCE OF BEING 33
I.1. Theoretical Science 33
I.2. The Primary Object of a Science 34
I.3. The Univocity of ‘Being’ 36
II. IDENTITY AND DISTINCTNESS 39
II.1. Real Distinction and Distinction of Reason 39
II.2. Formal Distinction 40
II.3. Modal Distinction 43
III. THE STRUCTURE OF REALITY 44
III.1. Being and the Transcendentals 44
III.2. The Categories 46
IV. CAUSALITY 56
IV.1. The Causal Order 56
IV.2. The Existence of God 61
IV.3. Self-Change 64
V. PARTICULARS 67
V.1. Matter 67
V.2. Form 68
V.3. Composite Substances 71
VI. CONCLUSION 74
NOTES 75
2 Space and Time 87
I. PLACE 88
I.1. Place, Whereness, and Position 88
I.2. The Priority of Body to Place 89
I.3. The Existence of a Void 89
I.4. The Immobility of Place 92
II. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTINUA 96
II.1. The Concept of Continuity 96
II.2. Successive and Permanent Items 96
II.3. Indivisibilism 97
II.4. Scotus’s Criticisms of Arguments for Indivisibilism 98
II.5. Scotus’s Arguments Against Indivisibilism 99
II.6. The Nature of Indivisibles 100
III. TIME 101
III.1. The Ontological Status of Past, Present, and Future 101
III.2. Objective Time Flow 105
III.3. Time and Motion 107
NOTES 111
3 Universals and Individuation 118
I. UNIVERSALS 120
I.1. Avicenna 120
I.2. Scotus 123
II. INDIVIDUATION 130
II.1. Scotus’s Criticism of Alternative Positions 132
II.2. Scotus’s Own Solution 136
III. CONCLUDING REMARKS 139
NOTES 140
4 Duns Scotus’s Modal Theory 147
I. THE CONTINGENCY OF THE PRESENT 148
II. POSSIBILITY AND EXISTENCE OF GOD 155
III. NECESSITY AND FREEDOM 159
IV. LOGICAL POSSIBILITY 163
V. POSSIBLE WORLDS 172
VI. CONCLUSION 173
NOTES 174
5 Duns Scotus’s Philosophy of Language 179
I. WORDS, INTELLIGIBLE SPECIES, AND THINGS 181
II. CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT TERMS 189
III. TERMS OF FIRST AND SECOND INTENTION 192
IV. NAMING AND UNDERSTANDING 196
V. SIGNIFICATION AND FALLACIES 200
VI. CONCLUSIONS 203
NOTES 206
6 Duns Scotus on Natural Theology 211
I. DUNS SCOTUS'S CONCEPTION OF NATURAL THEOLOGY 213
I.1. Limitations of Scope 214
II. ON THE UNIVOCAL TRANSCENDENTAL CONCEPT OF BEING 214
III. THE PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF A FIRST EXPLANATORY BEING 216
IV. THE ARGUMENT 219
IV.1. As to the Inconsistency of a Nonending Regress 220
IV.2. As to the Nonnecessity of any Unending Essentially Ordered Regress 222
IV.3. The Necessary Being of the First Efficient Cause 223
IV.4. About the Ways of Finality and Eminence 224
IV.5. Embedded Argument 225
V. THE NATURE OF THE FIRST PRINCIPLE OF BEING 227
V.1. Necessity 228
V.2. Unicity and Uniqueness 228
V.3. The First Principle Has All Pure Perfections 229
V.4. Simplicity 229
V.5. Analogy of Meaning vs. Univocity 230
V.6. Intelligence 231
V.7. The Extent of Divine Knowledge 232
V.8. Multiplicity of Divine Ideas? 233
V.9. Instants 234
V.10. Omnipotence 235
V.11. The Freedom of the First Being 237
V.12. Infinity 241
VI. IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL 242
VII. PARTING THOUGHTS ON SCOTUS'S NATURAL THEOLOGY 243
NOTES 245
7 Duns Scotus on Natural and Supernatural Knowledge of God 256
I. NATURAL KNOWLEDGE OF GOD 257
II. SUPERNATURAL KNOWLEDGE OF GOD 270
II.A. The First Argument 273
II.B. The Second Argument 275
II.C. The Third Argument 276
II.D. The Fourth Argument 277
II.E. The Fifth Argument 277
NOTES 279
8 Philosophy of Mind 281
I. THE IMMATERIALITY OF THE SOUL 281
II. THE POWERS OF THE SOUL 285
III. THE SOUL'S RELATION TO THE BODY 289
IV. A DISEMBODIED SOUL 294
NOTES 296
9 Cognition 303
I. THE COGNITIVE FRAMEWORK 303
II. MENTAL REPRESENTATION 305
III. IS COGNITION ACTIVE OR PASSIVE (OR BOTH)? 308
IV. THE OBJECT OF INTELLECT 311
V. INTUITIVE COGNITION 314
VI. DIVINE ILLUMINATION 318
NOTES 322
10 Scotus’s Theory of Natural Law 330
I. THE DOCTRINE OF NATURAL LAW 332
II. THE RELATION OF NATURAL LAW THEORY TO OTHER ASPECTS OF SCOTUS'S ETHICS 341
NOTES 346
11 From Metaethics to Action Theory 350
I. BEING AND GOODNESS 350
II. THE HUMAN GOOD AND THE GOODNESS OF PARTICULAR ACTS 353
III. PASSIONS AND APPETITES 360
IV. THE WILL AS ACTIVE POWER 363
NOTES 367
12 Rethinking Moral Dispositions: Scotus on the Virtues 370
I. THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ETHICS: A LARGE, CONFUSING LEGACY 370
II. CAN VIRTUE MAKE AN ACT GOOD? 373
II.1. Moral Actions Must Be Free 373
II.2. Moral Growth Must Begin Somewhere 376
III. VIRTUE NATURALIZED 378
III.1. Acting with Ease and Pleasure 379
III.2. Loving God above All 381
III.3. Separating Moral Virtue from Happiness 384
IV. CHOOSING AND FEELING 386
V. MORALLY MIXED CHARACTERS 387
V.1. Prudence Required but Divided 389
V.2. Partial Perfections 389
NOTES 392
BIBLIOGRAPHY 395
CITATIONS OF WORKS ATTRIBUTED TO JOHN DUNS SCOTUS 413
INDEX 423

Each volume in this series of companions to major philosophers contains specially commissioned essays by an international team of scholars, together with a substantial bibliography, and will serve as a reference work for students and non-specialists. One aim of the series is to dispel the intimidation such readers often feel when faced with the work of a difficult and challenging thinker. John Duns Scotus (1265/6–1308) was (along with Aquinas and Ockham) one of the three principal figures in medieval philosophy and theology, with an influence on modern thought arguably even greater than that of Aquinas. The essays in this volume systematically survey the full range of Scotus'thought. They take care to explain the technical details of his writing in lucid terms and demonstrate the relevance of his work to contemporary philosophical debate. New readers will find this the most convenient and accessible guide to Scotus currently available.

This chapter discusses Scotus's metaphysics under six headings: the nature of metaphysics itself as a discipline (Section I); identity and distinctness (Section II); the extent and scope of the Aristotelian categories (Section III); causality and essential orders (Section IV); matter, form, and the composite of matter and form (Section V); and a brief return to the nature of metaphysics (Section VI).

John Duns Scotus (1265/6-1308) was one of the three principal figures in medieval philosophy and theology, with an influence on modern thought arguably even greater than that of Aquinas. The essays in this volume systematically survey the full range of Scotus's thought

A comprehensive treatment of the life and work of John Duns Scotus offers essays on his contributions to medieval philosophy and theology.

2023-07-23