The gold standard of neuroscience texts―updated with hundreds of brand-new images and fully revised content in every chapter Doody's Core Titles for 2021! For more than 40 years, Principles of Neural Science has helped readers understand the link between the human brain and behavior. As the renowned text has shown, all behavior is an expression of neural activity and the future of both clinical neurology and psychiatry is dependent on the progress of neural science. Fully updated, this sixth edition of the landmark reference reflects the latest research, clinical perspectives, and advances in the field. It offers an unparalleled perspective on the the current state and future of neural science. This new edition features: Unmatched coverage of how the nerves, brain, and mind function NEW chapters on: - The Computational Bases of Neural Circuits that Mediate Behavior - Brain-Machine Interfaces - Decision-Making and Consciousness NEW section on the neuroscientific principles underlying the disorders of the nervous system Expanded coverage of the different forms of human memory Highly detailed chapters on stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis 2,200 images, including 300 new color illustrations, diagrams, radiology studies, and PET scans Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition benefits from a cohesive organization, beginning with an insightful overview of the interrelationships between the brain, nervous system, genes, and behavior. The text is divided into nine sections: Part I: Overall Perspective provides an overview of the broad themes of neural science, including the basic anatomical organization of the nervous system and the genetic bases of nervous system function and behavior. Part II: Cell and Molecular Biology of Cells of the Nervous System examines the basic properties of nerve cells, including the generation and conduction of propagated signaling. Part III: Synaptic Transmission focuses on the electrophysiological and molecular mechanism of synaptic transmission with chapters on neuronal excitability, neurotransmitters, and transmitter release. Part IV: Perception discusses the various aspects of sensory perception, including how information from the primary organs of sensation is transmitted to and processed by the central nervous system. Part V: Movement considers the neural mechanisms underlying movement and examines a new treatment that addresses how the basal ganglia regulate the selection of motor actions and instantiate reinforcement learning. Part VI: The Biology of Emotion, Motivation and Homeostasis examines the neural mechanisms by which subcortical areas mediate homeostatic control mechanisms, emotions, and motivation. Part VII: Development and the Emergence of Behavior looks at the nervous system from early embryonic differentiation to the formation and elimination of synapses. Part VIII: Learning, Memory, Language and Cognition expands on the previous section, examining the cellular mechanisms of implicit and explicit memory storage, as well as decision-making and consciousness. Part IX: explores the neural mechanisms underlying diseases and disorders of the nervous system, including autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and anxiety.

lgrsnf/2021 Principles of Neural Science - Eric R. Kandel 6th Ed.pdf

lgli/2021 Principles of Neural Science - Eric R. Kandel 6th Ed.pdf

Kandel, Eric R., Koester, John D., Mack, Sarah H., Siegelbaum, Steven A.

McGraw-Hill Education / Medical

United States, United States of America

Sixth edition, New York, 2021

{"edition":"6 th ed","isbns":["1259642240","9781259642241"],"publisher":"McGraw Hill"}

kandel2
Eric R. Kandel (editor)_ Steven Siegelbaum (editor)_ Sarah Mack (editor)_ John Koester (editor) - Principles of Neural Science-McGraw-Hill (2021)
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents in Brief
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Part I Overall Perspective
1 The Brain and Behavior
Two Opposing Views Have Been Advanced on the Relationship Between Brain and Behavior
The Brain Has Distinct Functional Regions
The First Strong Evidence for Localization of Cognitive Abilities Came From Studies of Language Disorders
Mental Processes Are the Product of Interactions Between Elementary Processing Units in the Brain
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
2 Genes and Behavior
An Understanding of Molecular Genetics and Heritability Is Essential to the Study of Human Behavior
The Understanding of the Structure and Function of the Genome Is Evolving
Genes Are Arranged on Chromosomes
The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype Is Often Complex
Genes Are Conserved Through Evolution
Genetic Regulation of Behavior Can Be Studied in Animal Models
A Transcriptional Oscillator Regulates Circadian Rhythm in Flies, Mice, and Humans
Natural Variation in a Protein Kinase Regulates Activity in Flies and Honeybees
Neuropeptide Receptors Regulate the Social Behaviors of Several Species
Studies of Human Genetic Syndromes Have Provided Initial Insights Into the Underpinnings of Social Behavior
Brain Disorders in Humans Result From Interactions Between Genes and the Environment
Rare Neurodevelopmental Syndromes Provide Insights Into the Biology of Social Behavior, Perception, and Cognition
Psychiatric Disorders Involve Multigenic Traits
Advances in Autism Spectrum Disorder Genetics Highlight the Role of Rare and De Novo Mutations in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Identification of Genes for Schizophrenia Highlights the Interplay of Rare and Common Risk Variants
Perspectives on the Genetic Bases of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Highlights
Glossary
Selected Reading
References
3 Nerve Cells, Neural Circuitry, and Behavior
The Nervous System Has Two Classes of Cells
Nerve Cells Are the Signaling Units of the Nervous System
Glial Cells Support Nerve Cells
Each Nerve Cell Is Part of a Circuit That Mediates Specific Behaviors
Signaling Is Organized in the Same Way in All Nerve Cells
The Input Component Produces Graded Local Signals
The Trigger Zone Makes the Decision to Generate an Action Potential
The Conductive Component Propagates an All-or-None Action Potential
The Output Component Releases Neurotransmitter
The Transformation of the Neural Signal From Sensory to Motor Is Illustrated by the Stretch-Reflex Pathway
Nerve Cells Differ Most at the Molecular Level
The Reflex Circuit Is a Starting Point for Understanding the Neural Architecture of Behavior
Neural Circuits Can Be Modified by Experience
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
4 The Neuroanatomical Bases by Which Neural Circuits Mediate Behavior
Local Circuits Carry Out Specific Neural Computations That Are Coordinated to Mediate Complex Behaviors
Sensory Information Circuits Are Illustrated in the Somatosensory System
Somatosensory Information From the Trunk and Limbs Is Conveyed to the Spinal Cord
The Primary Sensory Neurons of the Trunk and Limbs Are Clustered in the Dorsal Root Ganglia
The Terminals of Central Axons of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in the Spinal Cord Produce a Map of the Body Surface
Each Somatic Submodality Is Processed in a Distinct Subsystem From the Periphery to the Brain
The Thalamus Is an Essential Link Between Sensory Receptors and the Cerebral Cortex
Sensory Information Processing Culminates in the Cerebral Cortex
Voluntary Movement Is Mediated by Direct Connections Between the Cortex and Spinal Cord
Modulatory Systems in the Brain Influence Motivation, Emotion, and Memory
The Peripheral Nervous System Is Anatomically Distinct From the Central Nervous System
Memory Is a Complex Behavior Mediated by Structures Distinct From Those That Carry Out Sensation or Movement
The Hippocampal System Is Interconnected With the Highest-Level Polysensory Cortical Regions
The Hippocampal Formation Comprises Several Different but Highly Integrated Circuits
The Hippocampal Formation Is Made Up Mainly of Unidirectional Connections
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
5 The Computational Bases of Neural Circuits That Mediate Behavior
Neural Firing Patterns Provide a Code for Information
Sensory Information Is Encoded by Neural Activity
Information Can Be Decoded From Neural Activity
Hippocampal Spatial Cognitive Maps Can Be Decoded to Infer Location
Neural Circuit Motifs Provide a Basic Logic for Information Processing
Visual Processing and Object Recognition Depend on a Hierarchy of Feed-Forward Representations
Diverse Neuronal Representations in the Cerebellum Provide a Basis for Learning
Recurrent Circuitry Underlies Sustained Activity and Integration
Learning and Memory Depend on Synaptic Plasticity
Dominant Patterns of Synaptic Input Can be Identified by Hebbian Plasticity
Synaptic Plasticity in the Cerebellum Plays a Key Role in Motor Learning
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
6 Imaging and Behavior
Functional MRI Experiments Measure Neurovascular Activity
fMRI Depends on the Physics of Magnetic Resonance
fMRI Depends on the Biology of Neurovascular Coupling
Functional MRI Data Can Be Analyzed in Several Ways
fMRI Data First Need to Be Prepared for Analysis by Following Preprocessing Steps
fMRI Can Be Used to Localize Cognitive Functions to Specific Brain Regions
fMRI Can Be Used to Decode What Information Is Represented in the Brain
fMRI Can Be Used to Measure Correlated Activity Across Brain Networks
Functional MRI Studies Have Led to Fundamental Insights
fMRI Studies in Humans Have Inspired Neurophysiological Studies in Animals
fMRI Studies Have Challenged Theories From Cognitive Psychology and Systems Neuroscience
fMRI Studies Have Tested Predictions From Animal Studies and Computational Models
Functional MRI Studies Require Careful Interpretation
Future Progress Depends on Technological and Conceptual Advances
Highlights
Suggested Reading
References
Part II Cell and Molecular Biology of Cells of the Nervous System
7 The Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons and Glia Share Many Structural and Molecular Characteristics
The Cytoskeleton Determines Cell Shape
Protein Particles and Organelles Are Actively Transported Along the Axon and Dendrites
Fast Axonal Transport Carries Membranous Organelles
Slow Axonal Transport Carries Cytosolic Proteins and Elements of the Cytoskeleton
Proteins Are Made in Neurons as in Other Secretory Cells
Secretory and Membrane Proteins Are Synthesized and Modified in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Secretory Proteins Are Modified in the Golgi Complex
Surface Membrane and Extracellular Substances Are Recycled in the Cell
Glial Cells Play Diverse Roles in Neural Function
Glia Form the Insulating Sheaths for Axons
Astrocytes Support Synaptic Signaling
Microglia Have Diverse Functions in Health and Disease
Choroid Plexus and Ependymal Cells Produce Cerebrospinal Fluid
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
8 Ion Channels
Ion Channels Are Proteins That Span the Cell Membrane
Ion Channels in All Cells Share Several Functional Characteristics
Currents Through Single Ion Channels Can Be Recorded
The Flux of Ions Through a Channel Differs From Diffusion in Free Solution
The Opening and Closing of a Channel Involve Conformational Changes
The Structure of Ion Channels Is Inferred From Biophysical, Biochemical, and Molecular Biological Studies
Ion Channels Can Be Grouped Into Gene Families
X-Ray Crystallographic Analysis of Potassium Channel Structure Provides Insight Into Mechanisms of Channel Permeability and Selectivity
X-Ray Crystallographic Analysis of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Structures Provides Insight into Mechanisms of Channel Gating
The Structural Basis of the Selective Permeability of Chloride Channels Reveals a Close Relation Between Channels and Transporters
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
9 Membrane Potential and the Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuron
The Resting Membrane Potential Results From the Separation of Charge Across the Cell Membrane
The Resting Membrane Potential Is Determined by Nongated and Gated Ion Channels
Open Channels in Glial Cells Are Permeable to Potassium Only
Open Channels in Resting Nerve Cells Are Permeable to Three Ion Species
The Electrochemical Gradients of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium Are Established by Active Transport of the Ions
Chloride Ions Are Also Actively Transported
The Balance of Ion Fluxes in the Resting Membrane Is Abolished During the Action Potential
The Contributions of Different Ions to the Resting Membrane Potential Can Be Quantified by the Goldman Equation
The Functional Properties of the Neuron Can Be Represented as an Electrical Equivalent Circuit
The Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuron Affect Electrical Signaling
Membrane Capacitance Slows the Time Course of Electrical Signals
Membrane and Cytoplasmic Resistance Affect the Efficiency of Signal Conduction
Large Axons Are More Easily Excited Than Small Axons
Passive Membrane Properties and Axon Diameter Affect the Velocity of Action Potential Propagation
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
10 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
The Action Potential Is Generated by the Flow of Ions Through Voltage-Gated Channels
Sodium and Potassium Currents Through Voltage-Gated Channels Are Recorded With the Voltage Clamp
Voltage-Gated Sodium and Potassium Conductances Are Calculated From Their Currents
The Action Potential Can Be Reconstructed From the Properties of Sodium and Potassium Channels
The Mechanisms of Voltage Gating Have Been Inferred From Electrophysiological Measurements
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Select for Sodium on the Basis of Size, Charge, and Energy of Hydration of the Ion
Individual Neurons Have a Rich Variety of Voltage-Gated Channels That Expand Their Signaling Capabilities
The Diversity of Voltage-Gated Channel Types Is Generated by Several Genetic Mechanisms
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels
Voltage-Gated Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels
Gating of Ion Channels Can Be Controlled by Cytoplasmic Calcium
Excitability Properties Vary Between Types of Neurons
Excitability Properties Vary Between Regions of the Neuron
Neuronal Excitability Is Plastic
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
Part III Synaptic Transmission
11 Overview of Synaptic Transmission
Synapses Are Predominantly Electrical or Chemical
Electrical Synapses Provide Rapid Signal Transmission
Cells at an Electrical Synapse Are Connected by Gap-Junction Channels
Electrical Transmission Allows Rapid and Synchronous Firing of Interconnected Cells
Gap Junctions Have a Role in Glial Function and Disease
Chemical Synapses Can Amplify Signals
The Action of a Neurotransmitter Depends on the Properties of the Postsynaptic Receptor
Activation of Postsynaptic Receptors Gates Ion Channels Either Directly or Indirectly
Electrical and Chemical Synapses Can Coexist and Interact
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
12 Directly Gated Transmission: The Nerve-Muscle Synapse
The Neuromuscular Junction Has Specialized Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Structures
The Postsynaptic Potential Results From a Local Change in Membrane Permeability
The Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Is Released in Discrete Packets
Individual Acetylcholine Receptor-Channels Conduct All-or-None Currents
The Ion Channel at the End-Plate Is Permeable to Both Sodium and Potassium Ions
Four Factors Determine the End-Plate Current
The Acetylcholine Receptor-Channels Have Distinct Properties That Distinguish Them From the Voltage-Gated Channels That Generate the Muscle Action Potential
Transmitter Binding Produces a Series of State Changes in the Acetylcholine Receptor-Channel
The Low-Resolution Structure of the Acetylcholine Receptor Is Revealed by Molecular and Biophysical Studies
The High-Resolution Structure of the Acetylcholine Receptor-Channel Is Revealed by X-Ray Crystal Studies
Highlights
Postscript: The End-Plate Current Can Be Calculated From an Equivalent Circuit
Selected Reading
References
13 Synaptic Integration in the Central Nervous System
Central Neurons Receive Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses Have Distinctive Ultrastructures and Target Different Neuronal Regions
Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Is Mediated by Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor-Channels Permeable to Cations
The Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Are Encoded by a Large Gene Family
Glutamate Receptors Are Constructed From a Set of Structural Modules
NMDA and AMPA Receptors Are Organized by a Network of Proteins at the Postsynaptic Density
NMDA Receptors Have Unique Biophysical and Pharmacological Properties
The Properties of the NMDA Receptor Underlie Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity
NMDA Receptors Contribute to Neuropsychiatric Disease
Fast Inhibitory Synaptic Actions Are Mediated by Ionotropic GABA and Glycine Receptor-Channels Permeable to Chloride
Ionotropic Glutamate, GABA, and Glycine Receptors Are Transmembrane Proteins Encoded by Two Distinct Gene Families
Chloride Currents Through GABA A and Glycine Receptor-Channels Normally Inhibit the Postsynaptic Cell
Some Synaptic Actions in the Central Nervous System Depend on Other Types of Ionotropic Receptors
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Actions Are Integrated by Neurons Into a Single Output
Synaptic Inputs Are Integrated at the Axon Initial Segment
Subclasses of GABAergic Neurons Target Distinct Regions of Their Postsynaptic Target Neurons to Produce Inhibitory Actions With Different Functions
Dendrites Are Electrically Excitable Structures That Can Amplify Synaptic Input
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
14 Modulation of Synaptic Transmission and Neuronal Excitability: Second Messengers
The Cyclic AMP Pathway Is the Best Understood Second-Messenger Signaling Cascade Initiated by G Protein–Coupled Receptors
The Second-Messenger Pathways Initiated by G Protein–Coupled Receptors Share a Common Molecular Logic
A Family of G Proteins Activates Distinct Second-Messenger Pathways
Hydrolysis of Phospholipids by Phospholipase C Produces Two Important Second Messengers, IP 3 and Diacylglycerol
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Compose the Second Major Family of Metabotropic Receptors
Several Classes of Metabolites Can Serve as Transcellular Messengers
Hydrolysis of Phospholipids by Phospholipase A 2 Liberates Arachidonic Acid to Produce Other Second Messengers
Endocannabinoids Are Transcellular Messengers That Inhibit Presynaptic Transmitter Release
The Gaseous Second Messenger Nitric Oxide Is a Transcellular Signal That Stimulates Cyclic GMP Synthesis
The Physiological Actions of Metabotropic Receptors Differ From Those of Ionotropic Receptors
Second-Messenger Cascades Can Increase or Decrease the Opening of Many Types of Ion Channels
G Proteins Can Modulate Ion Channels Directly
Cyclic AMP–Dependent Protein Phosphorylation Can Close Potassium Channels
Second Messengers Can Endow Synaptic Transmission with Long-Lasting Consequences
Modulators Can Influence Circuit Function by Altering Intrinsic Excitability or Synaptic Strength
Multiple Neuromodulators Can Converge Onto the Same Neuron and Ion Channels
Why So Many Modulators?
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
15 T ransmitter Release
Transmitter Release Is Regulated by Depolarization of the Presynaptic Terminal
Release Is Triggered by Calcium Influx
The Relation Between Presynaptic Calcium Concentration and Release
Several Classes of Calcium Channels Mediate Transmitter Release
Transmitter Is Released in Quantal Units
Transmitter Is Stored and Released by Synaptic Vesicles
Synaptic Vesicles Discharge Transmitter by Exocytosis and Are Recycled by Endocytosis
Capacitance Measurements Provide Insight Into the Kinetics of Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Exocytosis Involves the Formation of a Temporary Fusion Pore
The Synaptic Vesicle Cycle Involves Several Steps
Exocytosis of Synaptic Vesicles Relies on a Highly Conserved Protein Machinery
The Synapsins Are Important for Vesicle Restraint and Mobilization
SNARE Proteins Catalyze Fusion of Vesicles With the Plasma Membrane
Calcium Binding to Synaptotagmin Triggers Transmitter Release
The Fusion Machinery Is Embedded in a Conserved Protein Scaffold at the Active Zone
Modulation of Transmitter Release Underlies Synaptic Plasticity
Activity-Dependent Changes in Intracellular Free Calcium Can Produce Long-Lasting Changes in Release
Axo-axonic Synapses on Presynaptic Terminals Regulate Transmitter Release
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
16 Neurotransmitters
A Chemical Messenger Must Meet Four Criteria to Be Considered a Neurotransmitter
Only a Few Small-Molecule Substances Act as Transmitters
Acetylcholine
Biogenic Amine Transmitters
Amino Acid Transmitters
ATP and Adenosine
Small-Molecule Transmitters Are Actively Taken Up Into Vesicles
Many Neuroactive Peptides Serve as Transmitters
Peptides and Small-Molecule Transmitters Differ in Several Ways
Peptides and Small-Molecule Transmitters Can Be Co-released
Removal of Transmitter From the Synaptic Cleft Terminates Synaptic Transmission
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
Part IV Perception
17 Sensory Coding
Psychophysics Relates Sensations to the Physical Properties of Stimuli
Psychophysics Quantifies the Perception of Stimulus Properties
Stimuli Are Represented in the Nervous System by the Firing Patterns of Neurons
Sensory Receptors Respond to Specific Classes of Stimulus Energy
Multiple Subclasses of Sensory Receptors Are Found in Each Sense Organ
Receptor Population Codes Transmit Sensory Information to the Brain
Sequences of Action Potentials Signal the Temporal Dynamics of Stimuli
The Receptive Fields of Sensory Neurons Provide Spatial Information About Stimulus Location
Central Nervous System Circuits Refine Sensory Information
The Receptor Surface Is Represented Topographically in the Early Stages of Each Sensory System
Sensory Information Is Processed in Parallel Pathways in the Cerebral Cortex
Feedback Pathways From the Brain Regulate Sensory Coding Mechanisms
Top-Down Learning Mechanisms Influence Sensory Processing
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
18 Receptors of the Somatosensory System
Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Are the Primary Sensory Receptor Cells of the Somatosensory System
Peripheral Somatosensory Nerve Fibers Conduct Action Potentials at Different Rates
A Variety of Specialized Receptors Are Employed by the Somatosensory System
Mechanoreceptors Mediate Touch and Proprioception
Specialized End Organs Contribute to Mechanosensation
Proprioceptors Measure Muscle Activity and Joint Positions
Thermal Receptors Detect Changes in Skin Temperature
Nociceptors Mediate Pain
Itch Is a Distinctive Cutaneous Sensation
Visceral Sensations Represent the Status of Internal Organs
Action Potential Codes Transmit Somatosensory Information to the Brain
Sensory Ganglia Provide a Snapshot of Population Responses to Somatic Stimuli
Somatosensory Information Enters the Central Nervous System Via Spinal or Cranial Nerves
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
19 Touch
Active and Passive Touch Have Distinct Goals
The Hand Has Four Types of Mechanoreceptors
A Cell's Receptive Field Defines Its Zone of Tactile Sensitivity
Two-Point Discrimination Tests Measure Tactile Acuity
Slowly Adapting Fibers Detect Object Pressure and Form
Rapidly Adapting Fibers Detect Motion and Vibration
Both Slowly and Rapidly Adapting Fibers Are Important for Grip Control
Tactile Information Is Processed in the Central Touch System
Spinal, Brain Stem, and Thalamic Circuits Segregate Touch and Proprioception
The Somatosensory Cortex Is Organized Into Functionally Specialized Columns
Cortical Columns Are Organized Somatotopically
The Receptive Fields of Cortical Neurons Integrate Information From Neighboring Receptors
Touch Information Becomes Increasingly Abstract in Successive Central Synapses
Cognitive Touch Is Mediated by Neurons in the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex
Active Touch Engages Sensorimotor Circuits in the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Lesions in Somatosensory Areas of the Brain Produce Specific Tactile Deficits
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
20 Pain
Noxious Insults Activate Thermal, Mechanical, and Polymodal Nociceptors
Signals From Nociceptors Are Conveyed to Neurons in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord
Hyperalgesia Has Both Peripheral and Central Origins
Four Major Ascending Pathways Convey Nociceptive Information From the Spinal Cord to the Brain
Several Thalamic Nuclei Relay Nociceptive Information to the Cerebral Cortex
The Perception of Pain Arises From and Can Be Controlled by Cortical Mechanisms
Anterior Cingulate and Insular Cortex Are Associated With the Perception of Pain
Pain Perception Is Regulated by a Balance of Activity in Nociceptive and Nonnociceptive Afferent Fibers
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain Produces Analgesia
Opioid Peptides Contribute to Endogenous Pain Control
Endogenous Opioid Peptides and Their Receptors Are Distributed in Pain-Modulatory Systems
Morphine Controls Pain by Activating Opioid Receptors
Tolerance to and Dependence on Opioids Are Distinct Phenomena
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
21 The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing
Visual Perception Is a Constructive Process
Visual Processing Is Mediated by the Geniculostriate Pathway
Form, Color, Motion, and Depth Are Processed in Discrete Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
The Receptive Fields of Neurons at Successive Relays in the Visual Pathway Provide Clues to How the Brain Analyzes Visual Form
The Visual Cortex Is Organized Into Columns of Specialized Neurons
Intrinsic Cortical Circuits Transform Neural Information
Visual Information Is Represented by a Variety of Neural Codes
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
22 Low-Level Visual Processing: The Retina
The Photoreceptor Layer Samples the Visual Image
Ocular Optics Limit the Quality of the Retinal Image
There Are Two Types of Photoreceptors: Rods and Cones
Phototransduction Links the Absorption of a Photon to a Change in Membrane Conductance
Light Activates Pigment Molecules in the Photoreceptors
Excited Rhodopsin Activates a Phosphodiesterase Through the G Protein Transducin
Multiple Mechanisms Shut Off the Cascade
Defects in Phototransduction Cause Disease
Ganglion Cells Transmit Neural Images to the Brain
The Two Major Types of Ganglion Cells Are ON Cells and OFF Cells
Many Ganglion Cells Respond Strongly to Edges in the Image
The Output of Ganglion Cells Emphasizes Temporal Changes in Stimuli
Retinal Output Emphasizes Moving Objects
Several Ganglion Cell Types Project to the Brain Through Parallel Pathways
A Network of Interneurons Shapes the Retinal Output
Parallel Pathways Originate in Bipolar Cells
Spatial Filtering Is Accomplished by Lateral Inhibition
Temporal Filtering Occurs in Synapses and Feedback Circuits
Color Vision Begins in Cone-Selective Circuits
Congenital Color Blindness Takes Several Forms
Rod and Cone Circuits Merge in the Inner Retina
The Retina's Sensitivity Adapts to Changes in Illumination
Light Adaptation Is Apparent in Retinal Processing and Visual Perception
Multiple Gain Controls Occur Within the Retina
Light Adaptation Alters Spatial Processing
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
23 Intermediate-Level Visual Processing and Visual Primitives
Internal Models of Object Geometry Help the Brain Analyze Shapes
Depth Perception Helps Segregate Objects From Background
Local Movement Cues Define Object Trajectory and Shape
Context Determines the Perception of Visual Stimuli
Brightness and Color Perception Depend on Context
Receptive-Field Properties Depend on Context
Cortical Connections, Functional Architecture, and Perception Are Intimately Related
Perceptual Learning Requires Plasticity in Cortical Connections
Visual Search Relies on the Cortical Representation of Visual Attributes and Shapes
Cognitive Processes Influence Visual Perception
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
24 High-Level Visual Processing: From Vision to Cognition
High-Level Visual Processing Is Concerned With Object Recognition
The Inferior Temporal Cortex Is the Primary Center for Object Recognition
Clinical Evidence Identifies the Inferior Temporal Cortex as Essential for Object Recognition
Neurons in the Inferior Temporal Cortex Encode Complex Visual Stimuli and Are Organized in Functionally Specialized Columns
The Primate Brain Contains Dedicated Systems for Face Processing
The Inferior Temporal Cortex Is Part of a Network of Cortical Areas Involved in Object Recognition
Object Recognition Relies on Perceptual Constancy
Categorical Perception of Objects Simplifies Behavior
Visual Memory Is a Component of High-Level Visual Processing
Implicit Visual Learning Leads to Changes in the Selectivity of Neuronal Responses
The Visual System Interacts With Working Memory and Long-Term Memory Systems
Associative Recall of Visual Memories Depends on Top-Down Activation of the Cortical Neurons That Process Visual Stimuli
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
25 Visual Processing for Attention and Action
The Brain Compensates for Eye Movements to Create a Stable Representation of the Visual World
Motor Commands for Saccades Are Copied to the Visual System
Oculomotor Proprioception Can Contribute to Spatially Accurate Perception and Behavior
Visual Scrutiny Is Driven by Attention and Arousal Circuits
The Parietal Cortex Provides Visual Information to the Motor System
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
26 Auditory Processing by the Cochlea
The Ear Has Three Functional Parts
Hearing Commences With the Capture of Sound Energy by the Ear
The Hydrodynamic and Mechanical Apparatus of the Cochlea Delivers Mechanical Stimuli to the Receptor Cells
The Basilar Membrane Is a Mechanical Analyzer of Sound Frequency
The Organ of Corti Is the Site of Mechanoelectrical Transduction in the Cochlea
Hair Cells Transform Mechanical Energy Into Neural Signals
Deflection of the Hair Bundle Initiates Mechanoelectrical Transduction
Mechanical Force Directly Opens Transduction Channels
Direct Mechanoelectrical Transduction Is Rapid
Deafness Genes Provide Components of the Mechanotransduction Machinery
Dynamic Feedback Mechanisms Determine the Sensitivity of the Hair Cells
Hair Cells Are Tuned to Specific Stimulus Frequencies
Hair Cells Adapt to Sustained Stimulation
Sound Energy Is Mechanically Amplified in the Cochlea
Cochlear Amplification Distorts Acoustic Inputs
The Hopf Bifurcation Provides a General Principle for Sound Detection
Hair Cells Use Specialized Ribbon Synapses
Auditory Information Flows Initially Through the Cochlear Nerve
Bipolar Neurons in the Spiral Ganglion Innervate Cochlear Hair Cells
Cochlear Nerve Fibers Encode Stimulus Frequency and Level
Sensorineural Hearing Loss Is Common but Is Amenable to Treatment
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
27 The Vestibular System
The Vestibular Labyrinth in the Inner Ear Contains Five Receptor Organs
Hair Cells Transduce Acceleration Stimuli Into Receptor Potentials
The Semicircular Canals Sense Head Rotation
The Otolith Organs Sense Linear Accelerations
Central Vestibular Nuclei Integrate Vestibular, Visual, Proprioceptive, and Motor Signals
The Vestibular Commissural System Communicates Bilateral Information
Combined Semicircular Canal and Otolith Signals Improve Inertial Sensing and Decrease Ambiguity of Translation Versus Tilt
Vestibular Signals Are a Critical Component of Head Movement Control
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes Stabilize the Eyes When the Head Moves
The Rotational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Compensates for Head Rotation
The Translational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Compensates for Linear Motion and Head Tilts
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes Are Supplemented by Optokinetic Responses
The Cerebellum Adjusts the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
The Thalamus and Cortex Use Vestibular Signals for Spatial Memory and Cognitive and Perceptual Functions
Vestibular Information Is Present in the Thalamus
Vestibular Information Is Widespread in the Cortex
Vestibular Signals Are Essential for Spatial Orientation and Spatial Navigation
Clinical Syndromes Elucidate Normal Vestibular Function
Caloric Irrigation as a Vestibular Diagnostic Tool
Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction Interferes With Normal Vision
Highlights
Selected Reading
References
28 Auditory Processing by the Central Nervous System
Sounds Convey Multiple Types of Information to Hearing Animals
The Neural Representation of Sound in Central Pathways Begins in the Cochlear Nuclei
The Cochlear Nerve Delivers Acoustic Information in Parallel Pathways to the Tonotopically Organized Cochlear Nuclei
The Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Extracts Temporal and Spectral Information About Sounds
The Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Integrates Acoustic With Somatosensory Information in Making Use of Spectral Cues for Localizing Sounds
The Superior Olivary Complex in Mammals Contains Separate Circuits for Detecting Interaural Time and Intensity Differences
The Medial Superior Olive Generates a Map of Interaural Time Differences
The Lateral Superior Olive Detects Interaural Intensity Differences
The Superior Olivary Complex Provides Feedback to the Cochlea
Ventral and Dorsal Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus Shape Responses in the Inferior Colliculus With Inhibition
Afferent Auditory Pathways Converge in the Inferior Colliculus
Sound Location Information From the Inferior Colliculus Creates a Spatial Map of Sound in the Superior Colliculus
The Inferior Colliculus Transmits Auditory Information to the Cerebral Cortex
Stimulus Selectivity Progressively Increases Along the Ascending Pathway
The Auditory Cortex Maps Numerous Aspects of Sound
A Second Sound-Localization Pathway From the Inferior Colliculus Involves the Cerebral Cortex in Gaze Control
Auditory Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex Are Segregated Into Separate Pro

2021-10-13